The Summit took place at UC Davis on March 31 and the 200 participants included a diverse range of farmers and ranchers, researchers, non-profit staff, government agency representatives, and agricultural business people.

CalCAN began the day by releasing a new report entitled Ready…Or Not? An Assessment of California Agriculture’s Readiness for Climate Change. The report assessed the adequacy and availability of resources for California agriculture to address climate change. Specifically, it looked at how much California-based scientific research is available on agricultural practices that mitigate climate change and help farmers adapt, the amount of technical assistance available to growers, and the level of direct payments to growers for climate-friendly conservation practices. The findings? Not reassuring. Here’s a sample:

• There are currently only 39 publicly funded studies that examined agricultural adaptation and/or mitigation to climate change;

• Of these, only 10 percent examined organic systems, which science is finding have significant climate benefits;

• Budget cuts have decimated the state’s Cooperative Extension services, historically a major source of technical assistance for California’s producers; and

• Unlike several other agricultural states, California lacks state-funded direct incentive programs for producers to adopt on-farm conservation programs. In 2009, the USDA’s farm bill conservation program had insufficient funding for 70 percent of the California farmers and ranchers who applied.

The necessity to more adequately respond to this lack of preparation was underscored with a few recurring themes at the Summit.

First, the science on agriculture and climate mitigation, though continuing to improve, is still somewhat contradictory and complex, and it lacks a sustainable agriculture focus. A presentation by Dr. Michel Cavigelli from the Agricultural Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, presented data from one of the only comprehensive studies on the ability of organic agriculture to lower the global warming potential of grain production. Unfortunately, nothing this comprehensive is available for California.

Second, because the science is still developing, practical solutions for growers are elusive and certainly not institutionalized or supported economically. Though the Summit featured some partnerships between researchers and farmers, there is relatively little participatory research taking place and not enough technical advice to producers to guide them on best practices.

Other topics in the wide-ranging program for the Summit included:

• The potential of various management practices on rangelands for sequestering carbon, and the multiple ecosystems services that rangelands provide;

• The need for more powerful policy tools to protect farmland which benefit climate protection by limiting urban sprawl and maintaining open space with a lower carbon footprint;

• The latest developments in on-farm renewable energy opportunities;

• The complex and dynamic relationships in soil management that influence nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide fluxes; and

• The potential for pasture-fed dairy operations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions when compared to feedlot dairies.

In spite of the limitations and emerging nature of the field of agriculture and climate change, participants at the Summit were notably enthusiastic and engaged, eager to be part of the solution to climate change.

One of the current issues is a state bill sponsored by Senator Wolk—the Agriculture Climate Benefits Act (SB 237)—that would assure that future revenue generated by the state’s climate change law designated to agriculture will be spent on climate-friendly sustainable agriculture practices. SB 237 passed out of its first committee hearing on April 4 and will soon be considered by the full Senate.

To stay apprised of these issues, more information can be found at the CalCAN Web site.

Renata Brillinger is the Executive Director of the California Climate and Agriculture Network. She can be reached at Renata@calclimateag.org.

Apples and apple growers are in trouble. At one time, North America had over 14,000 apple varieties populating habitats from coast to coast. But in the 2001 Fruit, Berry and Nut Inventory published by Seed Savers Exchange (Whealy, 2001), the number of apple varieties available to Americans through nursery stocks had dwindled to 1,500. The continued tragedy is that in 2009, only 11 apples comprise 90% of what Americans access and enjoy.

I hadn’t thought closely about apples until this spring when apple experts and advocates from across the United States met in Madison, Wisconsin. Under the leadership of Dr. Gary Nabhan, founder and facilitator of the Renewing America’s Food Traditions (RAFT) alliance, and Jenny Trotter of Slow Food-USA, nearly 20 apple experts assembled for a “Forgotten Fruits Summit” to discuss the alarming decline of apple varieties and identify strategies for maintaining apples in the landscape.

The Summit marked the inaugural summit for RAFT’s Heirloom Apple community. This collection of apple enthusiasts have spent their entire lives grafting, pruning, harvesting, pressing, enjoying and fighting for apples. Their earnest conversations and easy laughter showed how they recognized the importance of enjoying as much as fighting for apple culture. Dialogue freely slipped between debating technical pest management techniques to exchanging culinary tasting notes, underscoring a shared passion and awareness that their work has both ecological and cultural value: to conserve both genetic diversity and food traditions.

Nabhan describes that these apple growers “have all worked so hard in their parts of the country to grow apples and record their names and stories. Each is so intent on rescuing apple history in their neck of the woods, that they never had time to meet each other.”

As the experts went around the room and introduced themselves, it soon became clear that they were not just talking about apples. But, equally, their life stories were being told by apples that they have grown, written about and even brought on the plane to share. So much of who these apple growers are is a reflection of the landscape they come from.

Take Tom Burford from Virginia, who is a self-confessed apple grower, corrupter and educator. He begins his story relating how he “was born under an apple tree on a very hot August day in 1935. My mother and grandmother went to harvest some Smokehouse apples to fry for supper. When my mother arrived at the tree, she said ‘I think I’d better go back to the house,’ and ten minutes later I came into the world. And because my life has since been devoted to apples, I later would kid her, ‘Mother, why couldn’t you just let me be born under the apple tree?’ That would have added a more flavorful tale to my life story. But she replied, ‘Son, it would have been comfortable for you, but not comfortable for me.’”

Burford’s early exposure to apples grew into a lifelong vocation that took a unique turn later in life. He had a production nursery for 40 years, but the growing loss of fruit tree diversity made him realize training new growers was crucial to the apple’s survival.

“My work today is about education. I want to help people discover that they can have a passion for apples.”

Apples have a system for storing and transmitting their genetic information, passing on their traits from generation to generation through seeds. Similarly, cultures create systems for passing on knowledge and tools to a new generation to ensure the vitality and health of their communities. Burford is one of these “cultural pollinators,” sharing his knowledge with young growers to ensure trees and traditions have a future.

“A decade ago, I would never have dreamed that we would be together in this room. That we would be a driving force to help nurture the future of the apple in America,” Burford reflects. And their work couldn’t come at a more critical time.

The core task put before the fruit experts at their summit was this: to discuss the country’s declining apple diversity in order to identify strategies for restoration and raise a new generation to the trade.

Nabhan continues with the shared responsibility of this work, stating that “we all have to re-imagine this apple culture we are talking about… the trouble is a lot of the antique apples are now grown by antique people, and we need to be sure a new generation is brought into the fold. It is just as important for the elders to know their excitement and passion for apples is being heard and wanted by the next generation.”

Following the Forgotten Fruits Summit, RAFT hosted a one-day workshop for beginning apple growers. This hands-on workshop featured classroom instruction and a field trip to local abandoned orchards with instructors Dan Bussey (Wisconsin orchardist and author) and Kanin Routson (University of Arizona). It drew over 40 participants from Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana and Michigan.

Some of the fruit experts were able to participate in this training, sharing their knowledge with the next generation of fruit growers.

Burford speaks that, “propagation itself is the element that defines society. Today, the people who hold power in our society are in technology. In my time, the agriculturalists held the power. We need to understand this, and we need to see a shift… so that agriculturalists and those who care for our land have [greater] representation again. This is why we need to teach people not just where food comes from, but also to empower them to grow it for themselves. Propagation is power. That is why, for me, doing grafting workshops is so important.”

It is our shared traditions and the sense of coming from a place that gives each of us character, identity and flavor. But it also gives our communities character, identity and meaning. We need these traditions and we need to support the next generation of growers who ensure they are not forgotten.

Slow Food-USA has placed 129 varieties on its “Ark of Taste” to raise awareness and encourage interest in these regional and heritage varieties. For more information on the American apple, click here.

Renewing America’s Food Traditions (RAFT) is a national alliance, managed by Slow Food USA, committed to restoring America’s agricultural biodiversity and developing a public understanding of place-based foods. For the past five years, the RAFT alliance has been bringing food producers, chefs and consumers together to develop and promote conservation strategies, sustainable food production, and awareness of our country’s unique and endangered foods and food traditions. RAFT uses an eater-based approach to conservation –reintroducing the stories and flavors of America’s traditional foods to larger audiences, so people are once again growing and consuming them sustainably. Founding RAFT partners include: American Livestock Breeds Conservancy, Chefs Collaborative, Cultural Conservancy, Native Seeds/SEARCH, Seed Savers Exchange, Slow Food USA, and Dr. Gary Nabhan.

For more information about the work of RAFT and future workshops, visit: http://www.slowfoodusa.org/index.php/programs/details/raft/.

Photos: Mark Dohm